Earth science is made of many branches of knowledge concerning all aspects of the Earth system. The main branches are geology, meteorology, climatology, oceanography, and environmental science. Astronomy uses principles understood from Earth to learn about the solar system, galaxy, and universe.

Only recently have humans begun to understand the complexity of our planet Earth. We have only known for a few hundred years that Earth is just a tiny part of an enormous galaxy, which in turn is a tiny part of an even greater universe.

An important component of experiments is the different variables involved. A variable is any parameter in the experiment that can change. This could be a parameter like temperature, weight or height, or it could be more complex, such as life expectancy or growth rate. Depending on how you set up your experiment, you will use different kinds of variables. There are three basic types to be familiar with.

The first type is the independent variable. This is the variable that is manipulated during an experiment. For example, when experimenting with how fertilisers affects plant growth, the fertiliser is the independent variable because this is the variable that you change. It might help to think of the independent variable as the cause of change in the experiment.

In contrast to this, the dependent variable is the variable that is affected during an experiment. In our experiment, our dependent variable would be plant growth since this is affected by the amount of fertiliser applied. If you think of the independent variable as the cause, then the dependent variable is the effect.

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